One shot - the camera focusses, and stays focussed at that distance/
AI Servo - The camera will continually adjust focus while you half press the shutter (usefull for tracking moving subjects etc)
AI Focus - the camera switches between 1 shot and AI servo depending on what you're pointing the camera at.
Evaluative - breaks the image down into squares, and looks at all of them to get an average exposure
Centre - just looks at the middle bit, ideal if you have a bright subject as a small part of an otherwise dark image (for example)
Partial - not sure, I
think it's a mixture, like evaluative, but paying more attention to what's in the middle of the shot.
Hope this helps a little (and I hope I'm right!)
Edit:
OR, ignore my drivel and see the link above