TTL (Through the Lens)

The camera meters tha amount of light coming through the lens and falling on the film palne (whether that be gelatine film or silicon film!) simple as that.

The meter will read the light as an 18% grey....which is why blacks will be overexposed and whites will be under exposed. Anything generally middle toned will be fine - so grass is roughly 18% grey, skin, tarmac if it is not that new, black stuff but fairly weathered older tarmac. Meter off these and you will be close enough.

If you take a shot on automatic (NOT programmed auto), either Aperture priority or Shutter priority and you look on the review monitor....ansd it is slightly overexposed (bright bits are burned out to no detail) simply use your exposure compensation button and dial in - 2/3rds exposure compensation. Take the same shot again. Check it, you should get a better result. If not enough, dial in -1 stop, or -1 1/3 stops according to how the last one looked. Job done.

If it is the other way and everything is a tad too dark, just dial in +2/3rds exp comp. Thats it.
 
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