I think a CPL can definitely add value for aircraft shots. I don't bother with UV filters for everyday shooting - only if conditions are harsh - flying mud/salt spray/sand/dust - which they rarely are.
Here's a shot with a CPL. It can help darken the sky and make a plane stand out more without a wishy washy background....
I can't think what use a UV filter would be in such conditions. The sensor already has a natural UV filter over the front of it. You do not need to filter UV. You also do not need protection against things that are not there, like non-existent dirt/debris. Use a lens hood for physical protection against knocks etc. and to improve contrast and reduce flare. Long lenses often do not take well to flat bits of glass stuck on the front of them. That is why Canon's supertelephoto lenses have built in protectors that are purposely curved. Scroll to the bottom of this page for more on the subject -
http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/tech/report/200308/report.html
A further advantage of a CPL is that by losing a stop or two of light you can more easily use a slower shutter speed, to create prop/rotor blur, without stopping down to crazy apertures and suffering diffraction. You'll also most likely be using the sweet spot of the lens rather than going past that point. For example, in this shot (no CPL) the sky is very wishy washy and I had to stop down to f/13 just to try to get some rotor blur at 1/125. A CPL would have probably improved matters on three counts - deeper toned sky, f/8 for better sharpness, 1/100 for more blur....