Telephoto - Lets you see things far away, technically anything over around 50mm, ranging from medium telephoto (~100mm) to super-telephoto (longest is 1200mm!)
Fish-eye - usually a very short focal length, which provides a distorted view due to the sheet amount of picture it takes in
Wide-angle - Similar to the fish-eye, usually anything under 50mm, but you also get "ultra-wide angle", which is from about 10mm upwards on a crop sensor, or 16mm on full frame.
Doubler - or teleconverter, provide a cheap way of increasing the focal length of a lens, but usually only works with high quality fixed focal length lenses! You also lose some light, so it's not as good as it first seems!
So your lens is a wide-angle to medium telephoto. What you shoot will have the biggest impact on what your next lens should be, what do you find are the limitations of your current one?

This is it in a nutshell. If you want to see the effect of different focal lengths then go here.
http://lens-reviews.com/Technical-Talk/Technical-Talk/Lens-Field-of-View-Visualisation-Tool.html
Regards
Gordon
Chris