A 12Mp image will be somewhere around 4368 x 2912 px...that is what my 5D puts out anyway.
The standard is print at 300 dpi for regular photos, jumbo, 5x7 etc and so IN THEORY you should be able to make prints as large as about 14.5" (4368 px divided by 300 dpi = approximately 14.5") tall and 9.7" wide...or other way round for landscape.
Posters and billboards are obviously not printed at 300 dpi. You could drop to 150-180 dpi or possibly even less dpi for billboards

...which means IN THEORY you could make even larger prints.
In real life I have seen a pin-sharp A1 size print straight off a D70s (6Mp) so it really isn't how big the image file is but rather how you treat it that matters.
HTH