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Phase-detect AF works by comparing the image received through either side of the lens. As the f/number rises, the aperture becomes physically smaller and there comes a point when the two sides are too similar for the AF sensor to differentiate accurately. Canon calls a halt to proceedings over f/5.6 (with all but a few high end DSLRs that will run to f/8 ) and above that the AF simply switches off. Any lens or lens/telecon-combo that's above f/5.6 needs to fool the camera to keep the AF working, but that doesn't change the fact that the aperture is beyond the limit and performance is compromised. Some cameras continue to work reasonably well, while others are less good. As Bob says, no Canon lens has a maximum aperture higher than f/5.6.
Normal phase-detect AF can work in surprisingly low light, but needs good contrast, ie light/dark transitions and edges. It's worth noting though that the newer on-sensor phase-detect AF doesn't work so well in low light (at least, at the current stage of development). There's another step with Canon AF systems, when additional sensitivity on the AF sensor is activated at f/2.8 and lower f/numbers. Focusing is more accurate, and faster.
Contrast-detect AF in live view works at any f/number, and can be extremely accurate, but likes both good light and contrast.
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