they can be used for anything, but obviously the properties of the lens will determine it's primary use.
shorter lenses tend to be used for landscapes, architectural, abstracts and longer lenses tend to be used for portraits, wildlife, sports.
there are a couple of reasons why photographers tend to use prime lenses
1) tend to be cheaper than many zooms of similar length/aperture
2) usually sharper then zooms (but not always these days)
3) lighter because they are simpler to construct and have fewer elements
4) primes usually have wider apertures (lower f number) for depth of field effects
i use zooms for most things, but for those crazy depth of field effects where you need wider than f2.8, a prime is the only way.